Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, Volume 12, Issue 2, Article 6, p.1. University Technology Mara, Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA. Developer plans to develop an educational courseware or an e-learning application.

COGNITIVISMTHEORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNINGCOGNITVISM.History of CognitivismMergel (1998) stated that Cognitivism appeared in 1950s until 1970s and started to have its influence on instructional design. The Cognitive theory substituted previous theory, Behaviorism, followed by Skinner and Pavlov. Even though, some ideas of Behaviorism are still applied in nowadays education such as reinforcement in form of appraisal or gift. The basic of behaviorism is based on observable changes in behavior. It focuses on repetition until it becomes automatic for learners to do the same thing, while the basic of cognitive theory is based on process behind the behavior.Behaviorism is thought to be ineffective learning theory, since the learners are passive.

This theory lays on the product rather than process on how or why knowledge is gained. Coming out of these concerns, two of Cognitive theorist, Jean Piaget and Ivan Pavlov, generated the new theory called cognitive theory which focuses on process of knowledge gain.Definition of CognitivismAccording to Suharno (2010), Cognitive theory is an approach that considers learners as thinker and active processor of information, in which they are actively analyzing situation.

Cognitivism involves examining learning, memory, problem solving skills, and intelligence. Cognitive theorists may want to understand how problem solving changes throughout childhood, how cultural differences affect the way we view our own academic achievements, language development, and much more.

Meanwhile, Jung (2008) states Cognitive theory focuses on how information is received, organized, stored, and retrieved by the mind. Cognitivists also place great emphasis on environmental conditions to facilitate learning.

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PreviewTextThe application of the international trading and investment theories on international automobile business; Lesson from 2 case studies; Proton and Toyota.pdf AbstractIn the 21st century, there are many domestic companies who have strived try to enter the foreign market. All the existing multinational company would face challenges from this development. Some of the challenges that theses multinational companies would face includes technology and financial.Several theories includes mercantilism theory that was used widely in 17th century, absolute advantage theory that explain how free trade will affect the trade flow, comparative advantage theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, product life theory and other international investment theories have been used to study and understand international investment.Thus, this paper will look into those theories as compared to the roles of technology and financial in the international automobile business. Automobile industry (Proton Holdings Bhd and Toyota Motor Company Ltd.) will be the focus of this study. These two companies will be examined on their trade and investment theories as compared to their worldwide performance based on technology as well as their financial strength.In summary, Proton has been very successful in domestic market with strong support and privileges given by the Malaysian government.

The international component in Proton still remain uncertain, as they were not able to compete with those players in the international ground.Toyota on the other hand, has achieved the highest standard in performing the organization’s objective in becoming the market leader in automobile industry. However, they are having stiff competition with their rivals in the market and the biggest challenge posed for Toyota would be to maintain their product quality. The next toughest challenge would be to keep their consumer’s confidence level at the very highest level to ensure continuity in their future sales.

Item Type:Thesis(Masters)Subjects:Divisions:Depositing User:Ms Nur Liyana Abd HalilDate Deposited:22 Aug 2017 01:07Last Modified:06 Nov 2017 03:34URI:Actions (login required)View Item.