*UPDATED* well I just found out why there is a 9.09k resistor @ R5 on the schematic, it gets rid of that 'ringing' at the peak at rise time @ 10ns pulse.

Thanks to @Ted Yapo for helping me fix this simulation on LTspice. The 'real' op amp is in place -AD8021,

the true parameters are inputted at the pulse generator (pins 7 and 8, are not present, for some reason spicemodel file omitted them for error?) so I'm not worrying about it for now, I just needed to know that the output at pin 6 is -2.5v when R4 (which is a trimmer pot 2k,) is adjusted to 1.83v.

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Circuit Simulation Examples using LTspice. In the Edit simulation cmd, DC op pnt analysis is. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work.

The .ASC file will be available for this sim on my files page.

I corrected some of the pulse generator values to what they are exactly on the data sheet and schematic, 10um and 20um. Something still doesn't look right, from rise time to fall time. Also I just wanted to add that, I may be spending a lot of extra time on this aspect of my build, but I have learned through experience that, it is better to build it right the first time, so I don't have to de-solder everything and do it over again! Usb overdrive uninstall.

*UPDATE* Here is the .asc file for the LTC6417 op amp and also the logic analyzer screen capture for the MCLK for the TCD1304AP chip;

Above picture - TCD1304AP CCD chip (Toshiba)

Since I am using the AD8021 op amp as a unity - gain inverter to run the ADC (AD7667,) I needed to run a sim to check out some performance issues that Dave Allmon is having with the MAX232. Apparently it cannot keep up with the AD8021, so he has re-designed the entire schematic and added a new power supply.

My mods will still work he said, but there may be an issue with the MAX232. I am going to upgrade to the MAX232EIN (16-pin dip,) now on LTspice there is no AD8021 op amp, even though I created one it doesn't work right, so I used their newest version which is comparable to the AD8021 and ran a sim test circuit.

My question is, at R4 I have variable resistor (2K,) to adust voltage at pin#3, it has to be 1.83v. When I run the sim on LTspice, I know I am using a different op amp with slightly different variables, but I am getting 1.25v out of what would be pin# 6 from the op amp?

Do you think I may be over driving the circuit (current wise,) with only a USB power source?

IntroductionIf you haven't already been through the guide, you should definitely wait as an update to the audio quality is desperately needed. For those of you who watched it and finished it - bless you. I'd thought I'd kill two birds with one stone here and continue the LTSpice tutorial with an introduction to operational amplifiers - or op amp for short. We will be covering just the basics here - what are op amps, some common configurations, and a couple examples - and we'll end with a nice, simple project to hopefully get you inspired to work with analog circuits a bit more.To get started, download the schematics, symbols and simulations by clicking the button below. The Ideal Op AmpThe op amp is designed to detect the difference in voltage applied at the input (the plus (v2) and the minus (v1) terminals, or pins 2 and 3 of the op amp package). The difference is also known as the differential input voltage. The output, then, is the difference sensed at the input multiplied by some value A - the open-loop gain.

An op amp behaves as a voltage-controlled voltage source, which we will model now. We will simulate both an open-loop and a closed-loop amplifier configuration.An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:. Infinite open-loop gain. Infinite input resistance. Zero output resistance. Zero common-mode gain = infinite common mode-rejection. Infinite bandwidth.

Zero noise. Zero input offset. Op amp model courtesy of wikipediaBecause the input resistance (Rin) is infinite, we can deduce that the current seen at the (+)(v2) and (-)(v1) terminals are zero, using Kirchhoff's laws.

Since the output resistance (Rout) is zero, there is no voltage loss at the output. The diamond-shaped voltage source in the image above is known as voltage-dependent voltage source, and in this case the voltage is the gain (G) multiplied by the difference between the input terminals (Vin). The gain is normally referred to as (A) in texts, so the equation for the output is given. Feedback with AmplifiersOp amps are not meant to be used as stand-alone devices. We simply verified the Vout equation in the ideal op amp video to show why it is commonly referred to as a voltage-controlled voltage source.

We are going to talk about feedback and closed-loop gain and application. What is feedback? Feedback occurs when the output of a system is fed back into as input(s). There are two types of feedback: positive (regenerative) and negative (degenerative).

Feedback is applied to the system to affect one or more of the following properties:. Desensitize the gain - the value of the gain becomes less sensitive to variations in the values of the circuit component, such as temperature effects on transistors. Reduce non-linear distortion - the output is proportional to the input. Reduce the effect of noise - reduces the amount of unwanted electrical interference on the output. This interference could be external or from the circuit components themselves. Control the input and output resistances - with an appropriate feedback configuration the input and output resistances can be controlled.

Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier. We need to be aware of the here. You can extend the bandwidth (to a certain degree) but at the cost of the gain. Gain Bandwidth Product is constant and describes the op amp gain behavior with respect to frequency.Quick Note about UnitsWhen were talking about gain, we are taking the ratio of the output to the input. If both output and input are expressed in terms of voltage then the units will be Volt/Volt.

In the.ac analysis the gain is given in terms of decibels. Here's the conversion formula. By combining these two topologies we are getting closer to be able to design a circuit that will be able to obtain the difference between the two input signals. In order to accomplish this, we must first make sure the gain magnitudes (think absolute values that are always positive) of each are equal. By attenuating the gain of the positive path from (1+ R2/R1) to (R2/R1), we've done exactly that.We now have four resistors; we need to make sure the gains are equal so the ratio of the resistors is important. The problem with this circuit is that in order to obtain high gain, R1 must be relatively low. This causes the input resistance to drop.

Another issue is that it isn't easy to vary the gain of this amplifier. Both of these issues are solved with the implementation of the instrumentation amplifier. Using three op amps, we can get a fine-tuned differential amplifier. Since we have the problem of low input resistance using one op amp, we can add an additional voltage follower or buffer at each input. Even more awesome is that the buffers can add to the gain, easing the burden on the difference amplifier in the second stage.

The common mode rejection ratio is the ratio of the absolute value of differential gain to the absolute value of the common mode gain. The differential gain is typically half the intrinsic gain of the MOS transistor set by the manufacturer. Op amps with high output resistance will feature the best CMRR. Power Supply Rejection Ratiois the measure of the influence of the power supply ripple on the op amp output voltage. PSSR is important to MOSFET devices as they are usually on mixed-signal ICs where the digital switching in the circuit causes increased power supply ripple.

The last thing you want in your design is to have that ripple amplified through your op amp. Total Harmonic DistortionThe task of an audio amplifier is to take a small signal and amplify it without making any changes other than amplifying it. This is a difficult task because unwanted signals (i.e. Ripple) may be amplified along with the desired signal. Any deviation from linearity is considered a distortion. Is a common form of distortion in audio applications where the peaks of the output signal get 'clipped.'

The lower the percentage listed for the better, but after a certain point it is hardly perceptible to human ears. The LM386 Audio AmplifierSimulate, verify, build – my motto.

In this case, the mini portable guitar amp project case, I took it too far. I couldn't find a model I could import into LTSpice and I started from scratch. Below is a button where you can download the project files for what I am about to show you. I designed an op amp based on the, but with MOSFETs instead of BJTs. I actually got this design to slightly out-perform the part I based my design off of, but it only works from 2 to 6 volts. Even though my LM386 model is not exactly like the part used in the project, it is still practical for looking at the electrical characteristics of op amps and getting more familiar with LTSpice.

Project: Mini Portable Guitar AmplifierI built a small, battery-powered amplifier into the case of my guitar using the LM386 and minimal extra parts. The whole build cost about $5.00 and took less than an hour to put together. The circuit I took directly from the data sheet applications section (Gain of 200). Note: If the link tells you the Operational Amp Application isn't found, click on the 'Synth-DIY' tab at the top and it should refresh appropriately. Alternatively, you can search for 'MFOS In The Classroom' in the left hand menu and choose 'Virtual Op Amp Lab'.Music From Outer SpaceEver wanted to get into DIY-synths but don't know where to start? Is a great resource offering hundreds of schematics designed by Ray Wilson. HobbyistsIf you are just getting into analog electronics projects, I cannot recommend enough.

Measuring CMRREE Times has a about common mode rejection ratio and differential amplifiers.